EPR In Memoriam · Return to the canonical record
Rex F. Harlow (1892-1993) was the American practitioner who organized public relations into a self-governing profession. Founder of the American Council on Public Relations in 1939 (the body that merged with the National Association of Public Relations Counsel in 1948 to form the Public Relations Society of America), founder and first editor of the Public Relations Journal, and the first faculty member in the United States to teach public relations at the graduate level on a continuing basis, Harlow built the institutional infrastructure the field still operates inside.
Died: October 17, 1993, Palo Alto, California. Age 101.
Related canon: The Architects · In Memoriam · The History of Public Relations
What Are the Key Facts About Rex Harlow?
- Born: August 22, 1892, Wewoka, Indian Territory (now Oklahoma).
- Died: October 17, 1993, Palo Alto, California. Age 101.
- Education: Oklahoma A&M College (now Oklahoma State University), B.A., 1916; Stanford University, Ph.D., 1936.
- Founding body: American Council on Public Relations: founded 1939, San Francisco. Merged with the National Association of Public Relations Counsel in 1948 to form PRSA.
- Founding publication: Public Relations Journal: founded 1945, the field's first sustained professional periodical. Transferred to PRSA on the 1948 merger.
- Academic posts: Stanford Graduate School of Business: first continuing graduate-level public relations faculty in the United States, 1936-1955.
- Key writings: Public Relations in War and Peace (1942); Social Science in Public Relations (1957); the seminal definitional paper "Building a Public Relations Definition" (Public Relations Review, 1976).
- Honors: PRSA Gold Anvil, 1967. PRSA College of Fellows. Stanford Hoover Institution senior fellowship.
What Professional Body Did Rex Harlow Found?
Harlow founded the American Council on Public Relations in San Francisco in 1939 as the first national professional association of public relations practitioners. Before the Council, the field had no membership body, no shared definition, no journal, no code of ethics enforceable across firms and in-house departments, no mechanism by which the practitioner in Cleveland could know what the practitioner in San Francisco was doing or thinking. Harlow built all of it.
The Council started with a few dozen members on the West Coast and grew through the 1940s. In 1948 it merged with the National Association of Public Relations Counsel (a New York-based body) to form the Public Relations Society of America. PRSA is now the largest professional body for public relations practitioners in the United States, with approximately 21,000 members. Its accreditation program, ethics code, awards programs, and educational standards descend in direct line from the Council Harlow built in 1939.
In 1945 Harlow founded the Public Relations Journal, the first sustained professional periodical for the field. The journal published research, practitioner essays, association news, and the definitional debates that ran through the 1940s and 1950s as the field worked out what it actually was. The journal transferred to PRSA on the 1948 merger and continued publishing under various titles into the 2000s.
How Did Harlow Define Public Relations?
Harlow's most cited single contribution may be the 1976 paper "Building a Public Relations Definition," published in Public Relations Review, in which he reviewed 472 separate definitions of public relations drawn from the practitioner and academic literature, identified the recurring elements, and synthesized them into the working definition the field largely adopted:
"Public relations is a distinctive management function which helps establish and maintain mutual lines of communication, understanding, acceptance, and cooperation between an organization and its publics; involves the management of problems or issues; helps management to keep informed on and responsive to public opinion; defines and emphasizes the responsibility of management to serve the public interest; helps management keep abreast of and effectively utilize change, serving as an early warning system to help anticipate trends; and uses research and sound and ethical communication techniques as its principal tools."
The Harlow definition was, for the next two decades, the most-cited working definition of public relations in textbooks, professional materials, and academic literature. The PRSA Board adopted a derivative version in the late 1980s. The Global Alliance for Public Relations and Communication Management built its own definition on top of Harlow's. Almost every present-day attempt to define the field cites the Harlow synthesis as either its starting point or its target.
How Did Rex Harlow's Career Unfold?
Harlow was born in Indian Territory, what is now Oklahoma, in 1892, in a small town with no telephone, no electricity, and no railroad. He worked his way through Oklahoma A&M, took a B.A. in 1916, and spent the next decade running press for educational institutions across the Midwest and West. He moved to California in the late 1920s, took on commercial public relations clients in San Francisco, and enrolled at Stanford as a doctoral student in his early forties. He took his Ph.D. in 1936 at age forty-four (a study of educational publicity) and joined the Stanford Graduate School of Business as the first faculty member in the United States to teach public relations at the graduate level on a continuing basis.
He stayed at Stanford for nearly two decades. In 1939 he founded the American Council on Public Relations. In 1945 he founded the Public Relations Journal. In 1948 he negotiated the merger with the National Association of Public Relations Counsel that produced PRSA. Through the 1950s he wrote, taught, consulted, and ran the American Public Relations Association, a successor body to the Council that he ran in parallel with PRSA during a brief period of inter-organizational turbulence in the early 1950s.
He retired from Stanford in 1955 but kept writing and publishing into his late eighties. His 1976 definitional paper appeared when he was eighty-four. The PRSA Gold Anvil, the field's senior individual honor, was awarded to him in 1967. He died in Palo Alto on October 17, 1993, at the age of one hundred and one.
What Is Rex Harlow's Legacy?
Bernays gave the field a name and a method. Ivy Lee gave it the first ethics code. Cutlip gave it a textbook and a process model. Page gave it a corporate function. Harlow gave it an institution, and a working definition the institution could operate on.
PRSA traces directly to Harlow's American Council. The accreditation program, the College of Fellows, the Silver Anvil and Gold Anvil awards, the chapter network, the ethics code: all of it operates under the institutional logic Harlow established. Public Relations Review, the field's leading academic journal, descends from the Public Relations Journal he founded in 1945. The Stanford archives hold his papers.
The field's working definition, through the 1990s and arguably through the present, is the Harlow synthesis of 1976, refined by PRSA and the Global Alliance but recognizable in its core elements as the document he published in Public Relations Review at age eighty-four. He died at one hundred and one, the longest-lived of the founding generation, and saw the institutions he built outgrow him by every measure he had hoped for.
