A 15-hour outage in Amazon Web Services' US-EAST-1 region on October 20, 2025 took down Duolingo, Fortnite, Slack, Peloton, PlayStation Network, Signal, and over 1,000 companies serving more than 4 million users — and converted a previously abstract European digital sovereignty debate into concrete policy action that reshaped EU regulatory posture on cloud infrastructure through 2026.
Uber, Airbnb, Deliveroo and Europe's regulatory architecture. The 2017 ECJ classification ruling, Aslam, Barcelona's 10,000-license phase-out, EU Platform Workers Directive, DSA, DMA. The most-litigated platform-versus-state confrontation of the decade.
The leading PR agencies in Spain — LLYC, Atrevia, Apple Tree, Burson, Roman, Newlink, Estudio de Comunicación. Madrid and Barcelona. Updated 2026.
The leading PR agencies in Italy — SEC Newgate, Weber Shandwick, Burson, Edelman, LLYC Italy, DAG, Theoria. Milan and Rome. Updated 2026.
The leading PR agencies in Germany — FGS Global, Brunswick, Edelman, Weber Shandwick, Kekst CNC, Burson, MSL. Frankfurt, Berlin, Düsseldorf, Hamburg. Updated 2026.
The leading PR agencies in Poland — Valkea Media, 24/7Communication, Havas PR Warsaw, Edelman, MSL, Burson Poland, K Group. Warsaw. Updated 2026.
The leading PR agencies in Turkey — Bersay, ARTI, Effect, Excel, Mese Iletisim, Mediacat. Istanbul and Ankara. Updated 2026.