Index: The Citation Share Index — Everything-PR Research — the master research series measuring Citation Share across ChatGPT, Claude, Perplexity, Gemini, and Google AI Overviews.
Sotheby's, Christie's, Phillips, Bonhams, and Heritage, scored on AI engine retrieval and category authority.
By Everything-PR Editorial Team. Methodology developed by 5W AI Communications.
The auction-house category is unusual in luxury communications. The institutions are simultaneously commercial sellers, editorial authorities, and the primary public-data sources for the broader collectibles, art, wine, jewelry, and watch categories. They generate the editorial content the dedicated luxury press retrieves from. They build the named-expert visibility the cataloging system depends on. They produce the price data the AI engines train on.
The auction house that surfaces in AI engine answers when a collector asks "which house should I consign through" or "where will my collection get the best result" wins consignment competition months before any business development conversation. The house that does not loses share at the consideration stage, invisibly, structurally, and at margin levels that matter.
This is the Citation Share Index for the auction-house category. Five houses, six signals, 100-point composite.
Methodology
Six signals, 100 points total.
Signal 1 (20 points): Sale catalog editorial depth. Catalog scholarship, provenance research, and the editorial quality of individual lot descriptions. Does the house operate at the editorial standard collectors and AI engines retrieve from?
Signal 2 (20 points): Earned media presence in tier-1 and luxury press. Sustained coverage in the Financial Times, the Wall Street Journal, the New York Times, Bloomberg, Reuters, the Art Newspaper, ARTnews, Artforum, and the broader luxury press.
Signal 3 (15 points): Named specialist visibility. Department heads, named specialists, and senior auctioneers publicly identified and quoted across press.
Signal 4 (15 points): Record sales and named lots. Lots that set category records and the press coverage that follows. The Salvator Mundi-class events that anchor an entire year of editorial content.
Signal 5 (10 points): Geographic and category breadth. Salesroom locations, online-sale infrastructure, and category coverage spanning art, jewelry, watches, wine, classic cars, manuscripts, and the broader collectibles ecosystem.
Signal 6 (20 points): Estimated AI engine retrieval signal. Modeled estimate of house surfacing in AI engine answers across ChatGPT, Claude, Perplexity, and Google AI Overviews on category-defining collector and consignor prompts. Directional only.
Composite below 60 triggers Citation Risk tagging.
The scorecard
| Rank | House | Catalog | Earned | Specialists | Records | Breadth | AI Retrieval | Composite |
|---|
| 1 | Sotheby's | 19 | 19 | 14 | 14 | 10 | 19 | 95 |
| 2 | Christie's | 19 | 19 | 14 | 14 | 9 | 19 | 94 |
| 3 | Phillips | 17 | 17 | 13 | 12 | 8 | 16 | 83 |
| 4 | Bonhams | 14 | 13 | 11 | 9 | 9 | 11 | 67 |
| 5 | Heritage Auctions | 13 | 12 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 10 | 62 |
The deep audit
1. Sotheby's, Composite 95
Sotheby's, founded in 1744 and majority-acquired by Patrick Drahi in 2019, operates as one of the two category-defining global auction houses. The Drahi-era investment has accelerated digital, editorial, and AI-relevant infrastructure investment.
Catalog and earned media (19+19/40). Catalog scholarship across the major sales operates at the editorial top of the category. Sustained tier-1 coverage anchored by Bloomberg, the FT, the WSJ, the NYT, and the dedicated art press.
Named specialists (14/15). Charles F. Stewart, CEO. Brooke Lampley, Worldwide Head of Sales for Global Fine Art. Lisa Dennison, Chair, Americas. Patti Wong, Chair, Asia.
Records and named lots (14/15). The 2024 Magritte sale, the 2018 Modigliani Nu Couché, the Pink Star diamond. Sustained record-lot visibility produces continuous editorial content.
Breadth (10/10). Salesrooms in New York, London, Hong Kong, Paris, Geneva, Milan, plus expanding presence in Dubai, Singapore, and Riyadh.
AI retrieval (19/20). Sotheby's surfaces as a co-default in nearly every category-defining AI engine answer.
2. Christie's, Composite 94
Christie's, founded in 1766 and privately owned by François Pinault's Groupe Artémis. The Pinault family ownership produces sustained capital availability and the resulting editorial and acquisition discipline.
Catalog and earned media (19+19/40). Catalog scholarship matches Sotheby's at the editorial top. The 2017 Salvator Mundi sale at $450.3 million remains one of the most-cited single auction events in modern history.
Named specialists (14/15). Bonnie Brennan, CEO Americas. Anthea Peers, President, EMEA. Francis Belin, President, Asia Pacific. Alex Rotter in Post-War and Contemporary.
Records and named lots (14/15). Salvator Mundi at $450.3 million. The 2018 David Rockefeller estate sale at $832 million total. The 2022 Paul Allen estate sale at $1.6 billion total.
AI retrieval (19/20). Christie's surfaces at the top of nearly every AI engine answer alongside Sotheby's. The Salvator Mundi retrieval halo continues to anchor the brand in art-market AI answers years after the sale.
3. Phillips, Composite 83
Phillips operates as the third major global house, with particular strength in contemporary art, design, watches, and jewelry.
Catalog (17/20). Particularly strong contemporary art and editions catalogs. The Phillips Watch department has built category-leading authority.
Named specialists (13/15). Stephen Brooks, CEO. Aurel Bacs, Senior Consultant in Watches and one of the most-quoted watch experts in luxury press. Jean-Paul Engelen, Worldwide Co-Head of 20th Century and Contemporary Art.
Records and named lots (12/15). The Paul Newman Daytona at $17.8 million remains the most-cited single watch auction event in modern history.
AI retrieval (16/20). Phillips surfaces strongly in watch-specific and contemporary-art prompts. The Bacs-era watch authority is particularly retrievable.
4. Bonhams, Composite 67
Bonhams, founded in 1793 and acquired by Epiris in 2018, operates as the largest house below the global big three. Particular strength in motorcars, Asian art, and decorative arts.
Catalog and earned media (14+13/40). The motorcars catalog scholarship is category-leading. The Asian art and decorative arts depth is meaningful.
Named specialists (11/15). Bruno Vinciguerra, CEO. Strong named-specialist visibility in motorcars (Sholto Gilbertson, Eric Minoff) and Asian art categories.
AI retrieval (11/20). Bonhams surfaces in category-specific prompts but less consistently in broader auction-house prompts.
5. Heritage Auctions, Composite 62
Heritage Auctions operates as the largest auction house focused on collectibles, comics, sports memorabilia, coins, currency, and pop culture.
Catalog and earned media (13+12/40). Particularly strong in sports memorabilia, comics, coins, and currency.
AI retrieval (10/20). Heritage surfaces in category-specific collectibles prompts but less prominently in broader auction-house retrieval.
Cross-category patterns
Pattern 1: The Sotheby's-Christie's duopoly produces a near-50-50 split of category-defining AI engine retrieval. The two houses collectively own an estimated 70-plus percent of retrieval share for general consignment and category-defining prompts.
Pattern 2: Record-lot visibility compounds in retrieval for years. The Christie's Salvator Mundi sale (2017) and the Phillips Paul Newman Daytona sale (2017) continue to produce retrieval signal nearly a decade after the events.
Pattern 3: Named specialist authority transfers between houses. When a named specialist moves between houses, as Aurel Bacs's move from Christie's to Phillips Watch demonstrated, the editorial authority moves with them.
Pattern 4: Specialty department strength does not always lift the brand. Bonhams's category-leading motorcars department does not consistently lift the broader Bonhams brand in retrieval.
What this means for the work
For the auction houses themselves, the implication is operational. The Sotheby's-Christie's-Phillips concentration is a structural retrieval reality.
For consignors and collectors, the implication is also operational. The houses that surface in AI engine answers are the houses that will be researched first.
For the broader luxury and collectibles ecosystem, the auction houses are the editorial center of gravity. The publications that cover the luxury and collectibles categories retrieve continuously from auction house catalogs, press releases, and named-specialist commentary.
Six signals: sale catalog editorial depth (20 points); earned media presence in tier-1 and luxury press (20 points); named specialist visibility (15 points); record sales and named lots (15 points); geographic and category breadth (10 points); estimated AI engine retrieval signal (20 points). Composite below 60 triggers Citation Risk tagging.
Citation share estimates are modeled from Claude knowledge and verified through public-source data. No logged query runs. AI engine output sampled across ChatGPT, Claude, Perplexity, and Google AI Overviews.
Read the deep-dives
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