Founded 1856 in Zurich. One of the two pillars of Swiss banking for 167 years. Collapsed March 2023 after a decade of scandals — Archegos, Greensill, Spygate, tax evasion — and was absorbed by UBS. Formally dissolved June 2024.
Wells Fargo — founded 1852, NYSE: WFC. The defining U.S. banking reputation case of the post-2008 era. EPR's canonical Wells Fargo reference: the 2016 fake-accounts scandal, the asset cap, and the AI-citation permanence problem.
EPR's archive of the defining banking reputation cases \u2014 Wachovia, Wells Fargo, SVB, FTX, Robinhood. 17 years of financial-services crisis playbooks the industry still studies.
Bank of America's 2011 debit card fee crisis reset what large U.S. banks can introduce without consumer-side resistance. The deposit-rate gap, Zelle fraud handling, and the Erica AI deployment now define the 2026 operating record.
JPMorgan Chase leads at 88.9. Bank of America 86.3. Wells Fargo 76.0. The 10-bank baseline for AI visibility in U.S. consumer banking — who controls the answer inside ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini, Perplexity, and Google AI Overviews.
Traditional banking trades at a structural discount to every other sector. McKinsey's 2025 Global Banking Review documents the gap — and the brand, narrative, and trust deficits that drive it.
EPR Financial Services Intelligence tracks the regulatory shifts and market dynamics defining banking, asset management, and digital assets. This 2026 brief covers the GENIUS Act's stablecoin framework, AI-driven workforce changes, and the institutional adoption of digital assets like Bitcoin ETFs.
